Which term best describes efforts to prevent spread of WMD through diplomacy and export controls?

• A. Counterproliferation.
• B. Deterrence.
• C. Threat Reduction Cooperation.
• D. Nonproliferation.

Answer: (D)

Preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction through diplomacy and export controls is described by nonproliferation. This term covers the policies and measures—such as international treaties, verification regimes, and controls on the transfer of sensitive technologies and materials—that aim to prevent other states or actors from acquiring WMD. By using diplomatic engagement to discourage proliferation and by regulating technology and materials through export controls, nonproliferation seeks to keep WMD capabilities from expanding. In contrast, counterproliferation focuses on stopping or countering proliferators after the fact, often with military means; deterrence centers on preventing actions by threatening consequences rather than pursuing preventive diplomacy; and threat reduction cooperation refers to specific initiatives within security and transparency efforts, but the broad, overarching concept for preventing spread via diplomacy and export controls is nonproliferation.